Last year I started watching a show on NBC called, “Who
Do You Think You Are?” which highlighted real-life stories of celebrities
tracing their roots through a DNA test. I was intrigued. So much so, that about
six weeks ago, I purchased a do-it-yourself kit
from Ancestry.com. You may wonder how involved it is, because I was very curious. It’s actually very simple. You put some of your saliva into a little vial, and ship it off in
a special pouch with a control number on it.
Needless to say, it was very exciting, even though I
was pretty sure, or so I thought, what the results would yield. My
ethnic/cultural background seemed clear. My father is Cuban, my mother is
German. They both came to the United States in the late 1950s. My father said as
far as he knew his ethnic background was from Spain and the Canary Islands.
My mother said her family was German, with the slim possibility of some Scandinavian. In my opinion, nothing very exotic or diverse. I had thought perhaps there was something else, so the idea of the test was very intriguing. Little did I know how surprising it would turn out. But I am not there quite yet. Patience, I’m getting there!
My mother said her family was German, with the slim possibility of some Scandinavian. In my opinion, nothing very exotic or diverse. I had thought perhaps there was something else, so the idea of the test was very intriguing. Little did I know how surprising it would turn out. But I am not there quite yet. Patience, I’m getting there!
So I ordered the test, which took a few weeks to
arrive. I opened the test the day it arrived, submitted the sample, and rushed
to the post office so that it would go out that very day. Now the hard part!
The wait!!!! In the meantime, I started to compile my family tree on the
Ancestry website. Not an easy task for a first generation American with little
access to family documents from the “mother lands” at my disposal. My father’s
family tree is especially challenging, as the government of Cuba is not exactly
in the modern age right now and few, if any, people are registered on the
Ancestry.com site.
In the meantime, I was dreaming and wondering about
what might turn up. I had visions of finding out something really amazing, like
links to a culture we hadn’t imagined. Perhaps my father’s line had Middle
Eastern blood. That would be kind of cool. My mother’s last name is Ullmann,
which in Germany has some Jewish ties. Maybe I was part Jewish! That would be
pretty cool, and unexpected. So many possibilities! What if I were part Asian,
or African? It was like a genetic lottery, and I was wondering what I was about
to win!!! But the waiting was so hard.
And then it came. The email with the results and the
answer to the puzzle. But wait? What? How can this be???
Okay, I won’t make you wait any longer. Here is what
I saw.
About your ethnicity
Your
genetic ethnicity reveals where your ancestors lived hundreds—perhaps even
thousands—of years ago. This may update over time as new genetic signatures are
discovered.
It was truly astonishing and unexpected. From what
this test is telling me, my mother is NOT Germanic. Surprising, to say the
least. I wonder how I am going to break this to my relatives. And then I
started thinking about how place of birth, your country of origin, and your
cultural identity often have absolutely nothing to do with your DNA.
Living in the U.S. it is easy for a person to rely
on place of birth as the indicator of a person’s ethnicity because we are a
melting pot of races, religion, cultures, and ethnic groups. Most people
self-describe by their race, but there is more to the story.
Because I am part Cuban, I self-describe as Latino or Hispanic. There is no Latino or Hispanic race. The word, “Hispanic” is defined by one source as ‘A Spanish-speaking person living in the U.S., especially one of Latin American descent.’ Another source is much more involved- ‘the term as a broad catch all to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship either with Spain and Portugal or only with Spain, regardless of race. However, in the eyes of the U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, or any country of origin.’ Confusing, isn't it.
Because I am part Cuban, I self-describe as Latino or Hispanic. There is no Latino or Hispanic race. The word, “Hispanic” is defined by one source as ‘A Spanish-speaking person living in the U.S., especially one of Latin American descent.’ Another source is much more involved- ‘the term as a broad catch all to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship either with Spain and Portugal or only with Spain, regardless of race. However, in the eyes of the U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, or any country of origin.’ Confusing, isn't it.
The DNA test confirmed what I suspected on my father’s side.
46% Southern European. That means:
Modern Day Location
Italy, Spain, Portugal
About Your Region
If you had to choose one region of Europe that has wielded the
most influence over the course of western history, a strong candidate would be
the land of your ancestors—an area that includes modern day Italy, Spain, and
Portugal.
Migrations into
this region
Southern Europe shares a substantial amount of genetic affinity
with North Africa. This is mostly because the Iberian Peninsula was conquered
by Moorish (Berber) invaders, from present-day Morocco, in about 711 C.E. Their
legacy can still be seen in Spain and Portugal, ranging up to 15% in some
individuals.
Migrations from this
region
During the Last Glacial Period, beginning about 21,000 years
ago, glaciers and windswept tundra made much of northern and central Europe
uninhabitable. Populations retreated into the southern glacial refugia of Spain
and Italy. Then as the climate warmed, these Mesolithic people expanded out of
southern Europe to occupy the entire continent, as far north as present-day
Finland. The south-to-north pattern of genetic differences in Europe is
attributed to this post-glacial expansion. Additionally, Iberia was the
historic source of migration into the Americas. Populations throughout the
Caribbean, Latin America, southern USA and South America can trace their
lineages back to Spain and Portugal, usually through their paternal side.
My German side seemed
easier. Or so I thought. As it turns out, the DNA from my mother’s side is 21% “Uncertain.”
This means 21% of my segments, that are used in the ethnicity results, match more than one of their reference groups; but none of those matches are high enough to cross whatever threshold they are using to assigning segments to a particular ethnicity. Got all that?
This means 21% of my segments, that are used in the ethnicity results, match more than one of their reference groups; but none of those matches are high enough to cross whatever threshold they are using to assigning segments to a particular ethnicity. Got all that?
Other than that, my
DNA results say 27% British Isles and 6% Finnish-Volga Ural.
SHOCKER! Completely
unsuspected. You can hardly imagine my dismay.
About British Isles Ethnicity
Modern Day Location
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
About Your Region
You're from North-Western Europe, an area including the
modern-day United Kingdom and Ireland. It is a group of islands separated from
France and the rest of continental Europe by the narrow English Channel. It is
the rolling, emerald-green hills of Ireland, the craggy, weathered peaks of
Wales, the rich history of the city on the Thames, and the deep, mysterious
lochs of Scotland.
The history of the region is one of periodic invasions and
settlements by various groups including the Angles and Saxons from Germany, the
Jutes from Denmark, the Vikings, the Normans from northern France and, of
course, the Romans. English, a Germanic language brought by the Angles, is
obviously the primary language spoken. But a few of the older languages spoken
by the ancient Celts still exist—a rarity in post-Roman Europe.
Migrations into
this region
Despite being a cluster of islands separated from continental
Europe, Great Britain and Ireland haven’t been insulated from outsiders.
Although they weren’t the first, the Celts from central Europe spread
throughout the Northwest Isles about 2500 years ago. Then, as with everywhere
else, the Romans came. After the Romans withdrew from the area, tribes from
northern Germany and Denmark (the Angles, Saxons and Jutes) came to conquer
much of what is now England. About this same time, the mighty Vikings also left
their imprint, particularly in southern Scotland, Ireland and western England.
Migrations from this
region
Religious and political upheaval in 17th and 18th century
England played a critical role in establishing and defining early American
history. Called the Great Migration, religious dissidents including the
Pilgrims, Quakers, and Puritans left England seeking religious freedom and a
new way of life. Although the migration was not large in overall numbers, it
laid the foundation for American culture, including the concepts of
church-state separation and religious tolerance.
About Finnish/Volga-Ural Ethnicity
Modern Day Location
Russia, Finland
About Your Region
You have a genetic signature that is found in people of far northeastern
Europe, which includes modern-day Finland and western Russia. The region
includes the broad Volga River basin, its eastern boundary being the Ural
mountains, generally considered the border between the European and Asian
continents. Like most of Europe, it is a region of diverse ethnic and
linguistic groups. Bordering the Baltic Sea, it has a long, entangled history
with Scandinavia, while the vast Eurasian steppe to the south has brought many
waves of invaders and settlers including Huns, Turks, and Mongolians.
It is believed that around six thousand years ago the people of
the Pontic Steppe domesticated the horse. Archeological evidence includes
ancient burial grounds containing elaborate jewelry depicting horses as well as
horse bones found buried with chariots. Horses were then introduced to the
Middle East and Europe and revolutionized for both pastoral culture and
warfare.
The Finnic and Ugric tribes of the far north are some of the
most ancient inhabitants of the region. Many modern-day languages such as
Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, and Erzya and Moksha, spoken by the Mordvins of
the Volga region, are part of a common Uralic language group. Nomadic tribes of
Turkic origin, such as the Khazars, Chuvash, and Bulgars arrived from central
and eastern Asia and settled the region. In the Middle Ages, Mongol tribes,
including the Golden Horde, controlled the southern areas and Slavic tribes
from eastern Europe began expanding north and east into the Volga region.
Although it's disputed, historical accounts claim that several
of these Slavic tribes were ruled by a group of Vikings known as the
Varangians. The rulers became culturally assimilated with their subjects and
this Slavic people began to be called the Rus, with major trade centers in
Novgorod and Kiev. Eventually, they would form the foundation of the state of
Russia.
Finland has been politically controlled by Sweden and Russia
throughout much of its medieval and recent history, but was briefly captured by
Germany in World War I. After Germany's defeat, the Finns were able to declare
independence.
Migrations from this
region
There are linguistic and genetic similarities between the people
of northeastern Europe and the Volga-Ural peoples suggesting movement of people
from this region to Europe. Sometime within the last 12,000 years there appears
to be a migration from the Volga-Ural area towards the Baltic and Scandinavian
Peninsula. About 2,000-3,000 years ago, the ancestors of Magyars migrated from
the Ural Mountains toward present-day Hungary. Though they contributed their
unique language to the region, their genetic impact may have been small.
Migrations into this
region
After the last glacial period 15,000 years ago, populations
expanded among the Ural steppes and mountains as ice and tundra retreated.
Around the beginning of the thirteenth century, Mongolian nomads associated
with the descendants of Genghis Khan began to conquer local tribes and take
control of the Volga-Ural region as part of their Mongolian empire. Then about
500 years ago, Slavic Russians from eastern Europe conquered the Volga River
Basin, followed by the Ural Mountains.
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Isn't it funny how
you think you know something about yourself and it turns out to be very
different? So what does it mean? I’m still skeptical. It’s hard to believe
something you've believed all your life is suddenly different. It’s kind of
like finding out you were adopted. I've always believed I was “German” and now
I realize that genetically I am not. My mother may identify as German, but
genetically speaking, she really isn't I don’t have the heart to tell her. I
don’t think she would believe it anyway.
The DNA test
I took was a very inexpensive and rudimentary one. I don’t know if I am
English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh. I don’t know what part of Spain, Italy, or
Portugal. Genetics aren't about land or property borders. It is much more
basic. There are genetic markers which give an indication of a place in the
world where my ancestors originated. Some people
are skeptical about the tests, but I heard this one was reliable.
So are we nature or
nurture? I think we are a combination of all factors. We are an accumulation of
our family of origin, our nation of origin, our religion, our race, our
environment, and our own personality. There is a great deal more to what we are
than our genes or where we live. It is a magical and mystical combination of it
all!
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